Bending Adversity: Japan and the Art of Survival Page 46
and official/Japanese culture xxi, 260–61, 267–9
parliamentary enquiry 261, 263, 264, 266, 267–9
and public dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party and the political class 279–89
radiation 15, 21, 27–8, 258–60, 262–3, 266; leaks/dumping of radioactive water into the sea 263; levels in schools 277; popular fears of 274, 275–8; public mistrust of government concerning 276–8, 279; radioactive caesium 28, 275
rating on International Atomic Energy Agency scale 260
seawater injection 14–15, 262, 267
Senoue photographing in exclusion zone 289
and Tepco see Tepco (Tokyo Electric Power Company)
and Tokyo 17–18, 263
venting operation 262
Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant 18
Fukuzawa, Yukichi xxx, 63–6, 67, 68, 71, 243
Fuller, John Frederick Charles 70
Fumonji temple 27, 297–8
Funabashi, Yoichi 52–3, 54, 173, 196–7, 253, 264, 316
Fundamental Law of Education 243
Furuichi, Noritoshi 37, 184–7, 192–3
Happy Youth in a Desperate Country 185
Fuse, Hiroshi 28
Futenma Air Base 249, 250–51
G20 (Group of Twenty) 308
‘Galapagos syndrome’ 173
Galbraith, Kenneth: The Affluent Society 83
Gale, Robert 276
gang rape 211
gas 271, 272
methane 305
Gender Inequality Index, UN 205, 332nn3–4
General Electric 272
General Motors xx, 87, 145
Germany 35, 52, 93, 145, 169, 177, 272, 273, 313
and the Fukushima crisis 260
post-war charter amendments 313
post-war dealing with history 219, 220–21, 222, 223, 224
renewable energy 272
Gini coefficient 155, 329n46
Give2Asia 286
Gordon, Beate Sirota 333n1
Gozan no Okuribi festival 27, 28
Grave of the Fireflies 83
Great Kanto earthquake 72, 77, 304
Gree 170
Group of Seven 55
Group of Twenty (G20) 308
gun making 60–61
Hachiko the dog 295
Hadley, Eleanor 81
haiku 45–6, 63
Hama, Noriko 47, 53–4, 159, 208–9, 213, 280, 284
Hasegawa, Yasuchika 171, 172
Hashimoto, Ryutaro 133
Hashimoto, Toru 198–9, 274
Hatakeyama, Shigemitsu 285
Hatoyama, Yukio 244–6, 247, 250–51, 253–4, 280–81, 282, 284
Hatsuzawa, Tomoko 277
Hayashi, Mariko 242–3
health sector workers 166–7
Hearn, Lafcadio 6, 43, 46
Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation 43
Heisei era 104, 141
Higa, Kazuko 203
higher education 162, 334n3
and shushoku katsudo (screening/mass hiring of graduates) 180–81, 192
Higuchi, Yoshio 155
Hinomaru flag 231–2, 335n14
Hirohito, Emperor 3, 4, 17, 104, 223, 292
Hiroshima 34, 70, 79, 224, 264
Hitachi 171–2
Hitler, Adolf 223
Hokkaido 35, 49–50, 240, 252, 275
national park 305
Hokusai woodblock prints 8
Holland/the Dutch 32, 60, 61, 63, 241
Honda, Soichiro 88
Honda (auto company) 88
Hong Kong xx, 83
Honshu 35, 50, 252
Horyuji temple 58
hostages in Iraq 194–7
housing 119, 186, 293–4 see also property
rebuilding, after tsunami 294–5, 298–9
temporary 282, 292, 293, 296
Hu Jintao 220
Hubbard, L. Ron, Church of Scientology 109
Huntington, Samuel: The Clash of Civilizations 35
Hy’s Café, Ofunato 293, 294, 295
Ibuka, Masaru 88–9
ice sculpture 239, 240
Idei, Nobuyuki 271
identity
and employment 197–8
and manufacturing 170
under Meiji Restoration 50
and militarism 223
and modernization 50, 52
state identification system 288
Ienaga, Saburo 229–31
Iijima, Isao 138, 139–41, 157–8
Iitate 259–60, 276
Ikeda, Hayato 93
Imai, Noriaki 194–5, 196–7, 198, 199–201
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 308
Immelt, Jeff 272
immigration 165–7
Imperial Army, Japanese 70, 222, 230, 248
Inamori, Kazuo 224–5, 271
Inazo, Nitobe: Bushido, the Soul of Japan 52
income, per capita see living standards/per capita income
India 43, 60, 70, 119, 166, 173, 177, 206, 311, 317
individualism xxxi, 71
Indochina 69, 73, 228, 335n12
Indonesia 56, 69, 73, 167, 173, 222, 311
Industrial Bank of Japan 99–100, 167
industry, Japanese
business practice see company culture and business practice
car see car industry
competitiveness 92
computer 94
and the culture of Japanese companies see company culture and business practice
electronics xxii, 94, 167, 170–71, 253, 330n40
and exports 93, 102
‘hollowing out’ 169–74
managed industrial policy 82
manufacturing xvii, 36, 47, 148, 166, 169–73, 270–71, 285 see also specific industries
Meiji industrialization 66, 71
Ministry of Trade and Industry 86–8, 90, 94
modern default view of xxiii
monozukuri 170, 174
nuclear see nuclear power and industry
pornography 194
and the post-industrial era 172–3
post-war: manufacturing 47, 86–9; revival 85–9; US dismantling of wartime industrial complex 84
productivity see productivity
recovery from debt 144
restructuring xxix, 144, 179
robotic 94
service 166, 170, 329n25
sex 194, 215 see also prostitution
shipbuilding 86
steel 86–7, 144
and the US 84–7
World War II destruction of 79, 83
and zaibatsu (business conglomerates) 81, 92
inflation 85, 94, 115, 124, 127, 306, 307, 309–10, 326n31
information disclosure campaign 287–8
interest rates 101, 102, 114, 126, 130, 144, 170, 306, 309
International Atomic Energy Agency scale 260
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 308
Inukai, Tsuyoshi 72–3
iodine-131, in Tokyo water supply 275
Iraq 194–7, 240–42
Ise shrines xxvii, 66
Ishihara, Shintaro 25, 63, 79, 222, 250, 311, 315
The Japan that Can Say No 250
Ishikawa, Yoshi 187–91
Ito, Masaya 95
Ito, Sei 73
Ito, Takatoshi 115, 124, 157, 162, 163
Iwakura Mission 86–7
Iwasaki, Natsumi 178–9
Iyer, Pico xx, xxx, 44, 212
jakuniku-kyoshoku 67
Jansen, Marius 60, 63
Japa
n and the Japanese
ageing 160–64, 167
Ainu people 49–50
as an archipelago 35
Asia and the withdrawal of 55–70, 81–2, 238, 245, 254
banking system see banking system
birth rates 161–2
and Britain see Britain: and Japan
burakumin caste 49
bureaucracy see bureaucracy/bureaucrats
and Burma 70, 73
business see company culture and business practice; industry, Japanese; productivity
capitalism see capitalism
and China see China/the Chinese: and Japan
civil society xxxiii, 71, 269, 284–9
company culture see company culture and business practice
and complacency xxi, 24, 304
constitution (AD 604) 58
constitution (1947, American-written) 55, 80, 85, 237, 239, 241, 242–4, 313–14
crime see crime
and deceit xxi, 274
democracy see democracy
demographics 160–65, 168
and the Dutch 32, 60, 61, 63, 241
earthquakes see earthquakes
economy see economy of Japan
Edo era 38–9, 54, 170
education see education; higher education
egalitarianism see equality/inequality
employment see employment
energy imports 94
and the English language 33, 167
and Europe 55, 59–60, 61
existential angst xxii
expansionism 53, 68 see also militarism, Japanese
fertility rates 160, 161–2, 164
feudal order see feudal caste system
finance ministry 123, 128, 142, 145
flag 231–2, 335n14
food see food
foreign residents in Japan 49, 317
fukoku kyohei (‘rich country, strong army’) 85, 316
Fukushima crisis see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear crisis
‘Galapagos syndrome’ 173
government bonds 124–5
and the Gulf War 55
Heisei era 104, 141
Honshu 50
immigration 165–7
Imperial Army 70, 222, 230, 248
and the imperial family 50–51; attempt in 1932 to restore centrality of emperor 73; denial of divinity 80; emperor worship 47, 71, 73, 80; imperial ideology 70; quasi-fascist imperial cult 71, 73; surrender announcement by emperor, World War II 17, 79; unquestioning loyalty to emperor 50, 223
Imperial Household Agency 50–51
Imperial Rescript on Education (1890) 50
and Indochina 69, 73, 228, 335n12
industry see industry, Japanese
international relations 55–74 see also specific countries; attitudes to western learning and science 61–3, 64–5; and humiliation 73; and the League of Nations 69, 73; and the legacy of history and war 219–35; unequal treaties 55, 68
invasion attempts on Japan 32
and Iraq 240–42; hostages 194–7
and jakuniku-kyoshoku thinking 67
‘Japan bashing’ xx–xxi, xxviii, 246
Japanese living abroad 317
Jomon people 48–9
kokugaku movement 63
and Korea 32, 52, 58, 60, 68, 69, 87, 226; electronics industry and South Korea 167, 170, 172; ethnic Koreans 49, 165, 243; North Korean missiles 334n6; South Korea see South Korea: and Japan
labour force see employment: workforce
labour movement see labour movement
language xxiv; written Japanese 81
and the League of Nations 69, 73
life expectancy 160–61, 162, 330–31n14
and Manchuria see Manchuria: and Japan
Meiji Restoration see Meiji Restoration
militarism see militarism, Japanese
Ministry of Trade and Industry 86–8, 90, 94
modernization 50, 57, 59, 71, 316; and cultural loss 95; and identity 50, 52; Iwakura Mission 86–7; and MITI 86–8; Tokyo, following 1925 earthquake 77
national anthem 231–2, 335n14
national information disclosure bill 287–8
navy 74; vessel freeze 73; Yamato 86
‘non-Japanese’ population 49
Peace Preservation Law 72
poetry see poetry
political disenchantment 279–89
population 119, 160–61, 168
and the Portuguese 59–60
and the post-industrial era 172–3
post-war abnormality and normalization concepts and attempts 236–54
productivity see productivity
and racial homogeny myth 35, 36–7, 48–9
religious syncretism 33
resilience xx, xxvii, xxxii, xxxiii, 300, 305
retirement age 163
rigidity in social structure 172
and Russia see Russia: and Japan
savings see savings
sea’s influence on culture 34
Self Defence Forces see Self Defence Forces
sense of identity see identity
separateness and the culture of xxx, xxxii, 31–54; and Asian relations in light of Pacific War 219–35; and bushido (samurai code) 38–9; and defence from foreign ideas 31; and island status/Galapagos mentality 31, 32–5, 53–4; and lack of English 33; and the leaving of Asia 55–70, 81–2, 238, 245, 254; and mono no aware (sensitivity to the ephemeral) 40; and nationalism 47; and the Nihonjinron genre 36–7, 51, 52; and propaganda 46–7; sakoku (closed country) system 32; and uniqueness 35–7
Showa era 141; end of 104
social convention xxiv–xxv, 44
Social Masses Party 73
social trade-off model xxviii–xxx
and South Korea see South Korea: and Japan
state paternalism xxi, 152
Taisho era 71–2
and Taiwan 68, 83, 226, 252
tea ceremony xxiii
Tohoku region xx, 19–20, 25–8, 34, 283, 286, 304
Tokugawa period and shogunate 50, 56–7, 59–60
trains see trains
tsunamis see tsunamis
unemployment see unemployment rates
unmarried people 193–4, 211
and the US see United States of America: and Japan
weapons 60–61
westernization 63–7, 68–9, 245; and humiliation 73; as a ‘western’/‘European’ power 55, 57; and western technology 34
women see women
World War II see World War II: Japan, the Pacific Campaign and
Yayoi people 48–9
Yoshida Doctrine 85, 249
youth see youth/young people
‘Japanization’ 115–16
Jaspers, Karl 44
Jerram, Richard 126
Johnson, Chalmers 97
Jomon people 48–9
Jose, F. Sionil 219
journalists, freelance 288–9
Juji, Nobuko 16
Juki Net 288
kabuki drama 38, 68, 109–10, 154, 157
Kaifu, Kozo 232
Kaji, Sahoko 41–2, 129
Kaletsky, Anatole 128–9
Kamakura Buddha 6
Kamei, Shizuka 152, 153
kamikaze pilots 21, 74, 79, 320–21n6
Kan, Naoto 16, 17–18, 241, 274, 282
Kanazawa xxiii–xxv, 203
Kandahar, Afghanistan xxxiii
Kaneko, Ryusuke 148
Kanno, Masaaki 310
Kanno, Sachiko 297
Kanno, Shuichi 296
Kanto earthquake 72, 77, 304
Kashima, Shinto
god 5
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear complex 266, 267
Kato, Norihiro 174–6, 178
Keene, Donald 58, 61, 320n4
Keidanren 273
keiretsu system 92, 101
Kesennuma 188
Keynesian economics 126, 127
Kim Sun-il 195
Kimigayo anthem 231–2, 335n14
Kimura, Yasuko 23, 24, 293, 294, 295
Kingston, Jeff 287, 288
Japan’s Quiet Transformation 287
Kira 188–9, 191
Kirino, Natsuo 202–4, 213
Out 202, 203
Rain Falling on My Face 203
Tokyo Island 202–3, 207
Kishi, Nobusuke 236
Kissinger, Henry xxviii
Kita Kyushu 147
Kiyama, Keiko 285–6
Kobayashi, Yotaro 235
Kobe earthquake xxxiii, 104, 106–7, 240, 284
Koike, Yuriko 156, 158
Koizumi, Junichiro xxvi, xxxiv, 103, 129, 131–43, 144–59, 221, 234, 236, 279
postal privatization 139, 148, 149–53, 158–9
recovery of economy under 141–8
Yasukuni pilgrimages 221, 234
Koizumi, Junya 139
Koizumi, Kayoko 139
Koizumi, Kotaro 139
Koizumi, Matajiro 138–9, 159
Koizumi, Shinjiro 139, 159
Koizumi, Yakumo see Hearn, Lafcadio
kokugaku movement 63
Koll, Jesper 125, 326n14, 331n23
Komuro, Masamichi 67, 71
Kono, Taro 272
Kono, Yohei 243
Koo, Richard 122, 125–6, 172–3, 207
Korea 32, 52, 58, 60, 68, 69, 226
ethnic Koreans in Japan 49, 165, 243
Korean War 85–6, 87, 239
North Korean missiles 336n6
South see South Korea
Koriyama, Soichiro 194
Krugman, Paul 82, 127–8
Krusenstern, Adam Johann von: Voyage 61
Kure 86
Kuroda, Haruhiko 307–8
Kurokawa, Kiyoshi 261, 267–9
kuroko, kabuki drama 109–10
Kurosawa, Akira 176
Kusama, Yayoi xxix, 210
Kuwait 55
Kyoto 27–8
Kyushu 35, 252
nuclear power plant 274
labour see employment
labour laws 148, 155, 270
labour movement 72
Red Purge 81, 85
unions 81, 90; Communist 237
labour underclass 118
language
English 33, 167
Japanese xxiv; written 81
Lawblow (band) 295
Lawson (store chain) 166, 273, 309
League of Nations 69, 73
Lehman Brothers collapse 103, 120, 126, 130, 154, 165, 282
Li Jianli 312
Liberal Democratic Party 103, 132, 133–5, 137, 140, 148, 149, 150–51, 153, 154, 280, 283, 317