Bending Adversity: Japan and the Art of Survival Page 45

Index

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  Aaroe, Gene 79–80

  Abe, Shinzo 125, 234, 236–7, 242, 243–4, 253

  on 2012 re-election: and Abenomics 305–11, 315–17; and China 311–14, 316; and constitutional change 313–14; and Russia 341n16

  Beautiful Country 237

  Abegglen, James 90–91, 95, 167–8, 179

  Abenomics 305–11, 315–17

  Afghanistan 195, 241

  ageing 160–64, 167

  Ainu people 49–50

  Akihabara Electric Town 210

  Akihito, Emperor 17

  Almighty Medicine 108

  Always: Sunset on Third Street 93–4

  Amataresu, sun goddess 46–7

  Amritsar massacre 222

  anatomy 62

  ancestor veneration 33

  animism 33, 46–7, 52

  Aomori 80

  Apple 170, 173

  apprenticeships xxviii–xxix, 290

  Arai, Hiroko 232–3

  Asahara, Shoko 108

  Asahi 78, 80

  Asia

  Hatoyama and relations with 244–6, 251–4

  Japanese relations and the legacy of history 219–35

  and the withdrawal of Japan 55–70, 81–2, 238, 245, 254

  Asian Development Bank 307

  asset prices 102, 118, 126, 181

  Aum Association of Mountain Wizards 108

  Aum Shinrikyo 104, 108–9

  Aum Supreme Truth 108

  Aung San 70

  auto industry see car industry

  Badd Girls 193

  Bando Mitsugoro VIII 136

  Bank of Japan 102, 114, 130, 144, 306, 307–8

  banking system 102, 103, 115, 118, 121, 124, 129–30, 135

  interest rates see interest rates

  and Takenaka 141–4

  Basho, Matsuo 45–6

  Bataan Death March 228–9

  Batavia 60

  Bell Laboratories 89

  Benedict, Ruth: The Chrysanthemum and the Sword 35–6, 46, 50

  Bernanke, Ben 130

  Bhutan 178

  birth rates 161–2

  Blacker, Carmen 64

  bond market 124–5

  Boston Consulting Group 91

  Brandt, Willy 220–21

  Brazil 165, 167, 173, 205

  Britain

  Amritsar massacre 222

  and Burma 70

  economy 119, 120, 145; post-war 117; recession 128

  first Opium War 57, 66

  foreign business acquisitions 311

  and Japan 60; Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) 68; and geography 233–4

  pre-emptive austerity 128

  shipbuilding 86

  women workers 164

  brothels 230, 243

  Buddhism 33, 58, 294

  Bulova 89

  bunraku puppetry xxviii

  burakumin caste 49

  bureaucracy/bureaucrats 58, 84, 97, 125, 223, 286

  bureaucratic culture 260

  and Hashimoto 199

  and Hatoyama 250, 281

  and Koizumi 140, 147, 149–50

  loss of public trust 279, 285, 287

  and MacArthur 33, 80

  Ministry of Finance bureaucrats 142, 250, 328n6

  MITI bureaucrats 86, 88

  and the ‘nuclear village’ 264–9, 272, 274, 277–8

  sarin attack on bureaucrats 183

  university training of bureaucrats 108

  and women workers 164

  Burma 70, 73

  Buruma, Ian 52, 59, 224, 226

  The Course of Our Country 230

  business conglomerates (zaibatsu) 81, 92

  business practice see company culture and business practice

  caesium, radioactive 28, 275

  calendar, western 62

  calisthenics xxix, xxxi

  Cameron, David 222

  Campbell, Kurt 246

  cancer 276

  Canon 172

  Capital Hotel, Rikuzentakata 4, 5, 7, 12, 25, 26, 295–6

  capital market deregulation 102

  capitalism xxix–xxx

  stakeholder–shareholder balance xxix–xxx

  stakeholder model 120

  car industry 87–8, 96, 145, 270

  Japanese cars built outside Japan 166

  carbon emissions 270, 271

  cash hoarding 114–15

  Chang’an 58

  Chengdu 312

  Chernobyl nuclear disaster 260, 265, 275–6

  Chiba, Akira 45, 51

  child poverty 212

  childcare 129, 164, 205, 206

  Chile earthquake (1960) 24, 296

  China/the Chinese

  ageing 162

  Communist Party 133, 219

  Dutch massacre of Chinese in Batavia 60

  economy 117, 174, 220

  foreign business acquisitions 311

  and Japan xxxiv–xxxv, 32, 33, 52, 57–9, 60, 303; and Abe 311–14, 316; anti-Japanese demonstrations (2005) 235; anti-Japanese demonstrations (2012) 312; break between the two cultures 58–9, 61–6; and China’s 1964 nuclear test 264; Chinese influence on Japanese culture 57–8; Chinese workers in Japan 166; Chinese view of Japan as a peripheral nonentity 58; and Deng Xiaoping 220; economy comparison 117, 174, 220; and Hatoyama and his government 244–6, 251–4; history’s legacy of continuing troubled relations 219–35; invasion of China (1937) 73, 228, 232; invasions of Manchuria see Manchuria: and Japan; Japanese debt recovery and demand from China 143; Japanese factories/call centres in China 166, 169; under Koizumi 221, 234–5; and Manchuria see Manchuria: and Japan; and the manufacturing industry xxi, 145, 169; Nanjing massacre 78, 228–9; and the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands 251–3, 311–13, 316; trade 143, 145, 235, 253; and the US 238–9, 313, 316; war of 1895 67, 68; World War II 69

  Manchurian invasion of China 63

  military ascendancy 220

  Ming Dynasty 63

  nuclear test (1964) 264

  Opium War, first 57, 66

  science, Chinese vs western 62–3

  seafaring vessel ban 31

  Tang Dynasty 58

  Tiananmen Square 219

  unequal port treaties 57, 64

  World War II 69

  and the WTO 156

  youth nationalism 219

  Choshu 236, 247

  Christianity 31, 45, 55, 59–60, 61

  Catholicism 59

  missionaries 59

  civil society xxxiii, 71, 269, 284–9

  class 49, 118, 155

  Class-A war criminals 221, 225–6

  Clinton, Bill 249

  Clyde 86

  Cold War 81, 84, 104, 158, 239, 245, 246

  colonialism 56, 57

  ‘comfort women’ 230, 243

  communism 81, 84, 197, 236, 237

  Communist Party of China 133, 219

  Marxism 72, 230, 237–8

  company culture and business practice 90–93, 118, 120–21, 148

  convoy system 92

  corporate restructuring xxxiii, 121, 144, 179, 182, 207

  foreign acquisitions 173–4, 311

  globalization 317

  graduate recruitment 180–81, 182

  kaizen (continuous improvement) 90

  keiretsu relationships 92, 101

  lifelong employment 90, 93, 148, 186

  and
the post-industrial era 172–3

  and recovery from debt 143–4

  and retirement age 163, 164

  and Takenaka’s view of no company ‘too big to fail’ 143

  and women returners 206

  complacency xxi, 24, 95, 304

  computers 94

  Confucianism 33, 58, 67

  cooperatives 198

  Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy 140

  crime

  Class-A war criminals 221, 225–6

  rates xx, xxv, xxix, 116, 122, 259

  Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 81, 225

  and the US–Japan Status of Forces Agreement 248–9

  violent 104, 122, 204, 210, 211 see also terrorism; legislation on domestic violence 211–12; rape see rape; US 96

  Curtis, Gerald 154, 158, 268, 281

  Dalai Lama 33

  Danjuro Ichikawa IX 68

  de Gaulle, Charles 93

  debt, national

  Japan xxvii, xxxiii, 115–16, 123–7, 146–7, 271, 283, 306

  US xxi, 126–8

  Defence Agency 139, 243

  Defence Ministry 243

  deflation 114–15, 119, 123, 127, 130, 144, 163, 179, 303, 306–7, 308–9

  Deftech (rap band) 295

  Dejima 32

  Deming, William 91–2

  democracy xxviii, 78, 80, 133, 152, 221–2, 269, 281, 287

  ‘Taisho democracy’ 71–2

  Democratic Party of Japan 149, 244–7, 251, 279–83

  post-tsunami public dissatisfaction with 279–83

  demographics 160–65, 168

  Deng Xiaoping 220

  deregulation 101, 129, 145, 147–8, 153

  under Abenomics 310

  of capital market 102

  of energy 310

  Diamond, Jared 32

  Diaoyu islands 251–3, 311–13, 316

  dissections 62

  divorce 211–12, 334n12

  Narita 212

  Dodge, Joseph 85

  domestic violence 211–12

  Domestic Violence Prevention Law 211

  Dower, John xxi–xxii, 67, 80, 223, 249, 303, 304, 305, 340n1

  Dulles, John Foster 84

  Dutch East Indies 73

  earthquakes 5–6

  1854 Ansei Earthquake 6

  1923 Great Kanto earthquake 72, 77, 304

  1995 Kobe earthquake xxxiii, 104, 106–7, 240, 284

  2011 earthquake xix, xx, 5, 6–7, 13, 14, 315; epicentre 6; nuclear crisis after see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear crisis; size 6; and Tokyo 7, 13, 15–17, 18–19, 25

  Chile (1960) 24, 296

  Niigata 266, 267

  undersea megathrust 6

  Eberstadt, Nicholas 119

  economy of Japan xxii, xxxiii–xxxiv, 35, 55, 82–7, 93–8, 100–103, 113–30

  and the abandoning of nuclear power 271

  Abenomics 305–11, 315–17

  and asset prices 102, 118, 126, 181

  and the banking system see banking system

  bond market 124–5

  bubble burst 98, 100–103, 104, 110, 117, 118, 126, 129–30, 303

  and cash hoarding 114–15

  consumer-led 102

  and corporate culture 82

  debt xxvii, xxxiii, 115–16, 123–7, 146–7, 271, 283, 306

  deflation 114–15, 119, 123, 127, 130, 144, 163, 179, 303, 306–7, 308–9

  deregulation see deregulation

  and ‘empty affluence’ 93

  and the export to import shift 102

  and exports 93, 102

  film portrayal in Always: Sunset on Third Street 93–4

  and the global economy xx–xxi, 117

  growth rate 174–6; and ‘life after growth’ 160–79

  and immigration 165–7

  inflation 85, 94, 124, 127, 306, 307, 309–10, 326n31

  Izanagi boom 144–5

  and ‘Japanization’ 115–16

  Lehman shock 120, 165, 282

  and living standards see living standards/per capita income

  and managed industrial policy 82

  national income-doubling plan 93

  as Number Three 117, 174, 317

  oil shocks 94, 104

  percentage of global output xxi

  post-bubble experience and assessment 114–30, 144–8

  post-war: catch-up 116–17; economy of production and exports 102; ruins 82, 83–4; and the US 83–6

  and property prices 100–101, 102, 103

  public expenditure 103, 127, 145–6, 328n26 see also public works

  recessions xxvi, 72, 103, 114, 120, 126, 128, 131, 183

  recovery under Koizumi 141–8

  and the Red Purge 85

  revisionist view of 96–7

  shares see shares

  stimulus packages 103, 131, 308–9

  stock market see stock market, Japan

  and tax increases 283

  and the tsunami 120, 315–16

  and the US dollar 101–2

  as a US threat 96–8

  yen strength 101–2, 145, 169, 270, 307, 308–9

  and the youth 123, 174–5, 183

  Edo 59, 62 see also Tokyo

  Edo era 38–9, 170

  education 51, 230–33, 237, 248, 331n24, 333n2

  beliefs of Communist influence on 237–8

  Chinese 219

  Fundamental Law of Education 243

  higher see higher education

  and nuclear accident downplaying 265

  and patriotism 230–32, 335n14

  and revisionists 230–33

  school textbooks 57, 230–31, 232–3, 248, 265

  schools and radiation 277

  yutori 333n2

  electricity

  conservation 270, 273

  feed-in tariff 305

  market competition 305

  production 265; after Fukushima 270–74

  shortages following Fukushima disaster xx, 15–16, 18

  electronics industry xxvi, 94, 167, 170–71, 253, 332n40

  emperor worship 47, 71, 73, 80

  employment

  apprenticeships xxviii–xxix, 290

  business practices see company culture and business practice

  casual/non-regular 47, 155, 184, 197, 284

  contract workers used at Fukushima 265–6

  discrimination against women 164–5, 205, 206–7, 213

  health sector 166–7

  and identity 197–8

  job seeking 180–82

  jobs for life 90, 93, 148, 186

  labour laws 148, 155, 270

  labour market: breakdown 192, 316–17; liberalization 148; shushoku katsudo (screening/mass hiring of graduates) 180–81, 192; two-tiered 265

  labour movement see labour movement

  labour policy practice 205

  lack of see unemployment rates

  liberalization of labour market 155

  part-time work and workers 118, 163, 164, 175, 184, 192, 197, 210, 212–13

  pay see pay

  retirement age 163, 164

  service sector 166

  and social status 182

  work ethic 172, 213; Japanese view of US 96; young alternative 198

  workforce 47–8, 160–61, 163, 164, 173; health sector 166–7; immigrant 165–7; in manufacturing 169; part-time 118, 163, 175, 184, 192, 197, 210, 212–13; shushoku katsudo (screening/mass hiring of graduates) 180–81, 192; women 164–5, 181–2, 205, 206, 212–13, 214, 331nn26–27

  the ‘working poor’ 197

  workplace discrimination 205

 
of young people 181–3, 185–6, 189–91

  energy

  compensation for loss of nuclear power 271

  conservation 270–71, 273

  feed-in tariff 305

  imports 94

  national energy bill 271

  nuclear see nuclear power and industry

  renewable 271, 272–3

  review of national policy 274

  English language 33, 167

  Entrepreneurial Training for Innovative Communities (ETIC) 188, 198

  equality/inequality 118, 121–2, 148, 155–6, 158–9, 284

  equal-opportunity legislation 209–10

  gender discrimination 164–5, 205, 206–7, 213

  Gini coefficient 155, 329n46

  women’s 202–16; and the UN Gender Inequality Index 205, 334nn3–4; and work 164–5, 205, 206–7, 213

  ETIC (Entrepreneurial Training for Innovative Communities) 188, 198

  exports 93, 102

  Fallows, James 97

  Family Mart 166

  family structure 162, 212 see also marriage

  fashion 188, 198

  fertility rates 160, 161–2, 164

  feudal caste system 65, 71

  abolition xxxii, 49, 50, 71, 303

  overturned by samurai modernizing clique 71

  finance ministry 123, 128, 142, 145

  Financial Services Agency 142

  Financial Times 308

  bureau 16

  Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme 151

  flag, Japanese 231–2, 335n14

  food xxiv, 3, 19–20, 83, 175, 189

  additives 287

  after the tsunami 258, 263, 285, 286

  football, Nadeshiko team 206–7

  Ford 87

  Franzen, Jonathan: Freedom 176

  fugu (poisonous fish) 136

  Fuji Seitetsu 90

  Fuji Xerox 235

  Fujiwara, Masahiko 37–41, 45, 155

  Dignity of the Nation 37, 38, 40

  fukoku kyohei (‘rich country, strong army’) 85, 316

  Fukuda, Takeo 137

  Fukuda, Yasuo 147

  Fukuoka 147

  Fukushima Daiichi nuclear crisis 14–15, 257–78

  anti-nuclear popular sentiment after 273–8, 304–5

  breaching of sea defences 261–2

  and contract workers 265–6

  dead zone 258–60

  and decommissioning 264

  efforts to control 14–15, 262–3

  electricity shortages following xx, 15–16, 18

  evacuation zone 15, 257

  firefighting 21

  hotspot areas 257–60, 276

  hydrogen explosions 17, 257, 262

  and Iitate 259–60, 276

  long-term health effect expectations 275–6

  meltdown 14–15, 267

  nationwide nuclear shutdown after 269–70

  and Odaka 257–9