Bending Adversity: Japan and the Art of Survival Read online

  Tokyo Electric Power Company see Tepco

  Tokyo Story 95

  Tomizuka, Kiyoshi 85

  Toyoda, Akio 169–70

  Toyoda, Eiji 92

  Toyoda, Kiichiro 87

  Toyota 87, 92, 145, 170, 235, 270, 309–10, 317

  TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) 283, 310, 316

  trains 16, 25, 83, 209

  bullet trains 34, 94, 137, 198, 270; in Speed/Shinkansen Explosion 176

  underground 304

  Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 283, 310, 316

  Tsujimoto, Kiyomi 285

  tsunamis 3, 6, 24

  2011 tsunami xix, xx, xxi, 7–12, 13–14; the dead and missing 10–11, 12, 20, 21, 27, 296, 297; devastation 9, 11–12, 14, 21–6, 291, 298; and the economy 120, 315–16; and ETIC 188; freelance journalists during 288–9; nuclear crisis after see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear crisis; psychological effect on Japan 282–9, 304–5, 315–16; and public dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party and the political class 279–89; Rebuild Japan Initiative Foundation 264; rebuilding homes, lives and communities after 291–301; Rikuzentakata see Rikuzentakata; Self Defence Forces deployment after 240, 282, 286; volunteer helpers 284–5, 294

  divine protection from 298

  following Chile earthquake 24, 296

  Hokusai woodblock prints 8

  Tsunoda, Tadanobu 40

  Ugaki, Kazushige 72

  unemployment rates xxix, 85, 120, 165

  US xxxiv, 120

  youth 165, 332n32

  Unification Church 109

  unions, labour 81, 90

  Communist 237

  United Nations

  Gender Inequality Index 205, 334nn3–4

  Security Council 55

  United States of America

  9/11 terrorist attacks 189, 195

  and Afghanistan 195, 241

  Cold War see Cold War

  economic opportunity for women 205

  economy xxxi–xxxiv, 119, 120, 128–9, 130, 145; Japanese threat 96–8; national debt xxi, 126–8

  exceptionalism 35

  foreign business acquisitions 174

  Gulf War (1990) 55

  and Japan xxxii, 32–3, 36, 46, 53, 55, 64–5, 249–51, 253–4; and Afghanistan 241; atomic bombing 34, 70, 74, 79, 224; ban on ‘collective self-defence’ 238, 241; Black Ships of Perry 64, 238, 303; and Chinese relations 238–9, 313, 316; and the Cold War 81, 84, 104, 239, 246; constitution of Japan 55, 80, 85, 237, 239, 241, 242–4, 313–14; and economic threat to the US 96–8; GIs and prostitutes 83–4; and Hatoyama and his government 244–7, 250–51, 253–4; and Hirohito 223; and industry 84–7, 91–2; and Iraq 240–41; and its post-war economy 83–6; Japanese economy and the US dollar 101–2; Japanese fear of US culture 189; Japanese view of US work ethic 96; and the Korean War 85–6, 239; Nadeshiko (soccer team) victory 206–7; oil embargo in response to Japanese offensive in Indochina 73; and Okinawa bases 247, 248–9, 250–51; Pearl Harbor attack 73–4, 78; and Perry 61, 64, 66, 74; post-war subordination to US 32–3, 74, 80–81, 82, 222–3, 290; reverse course policy 81, 236; San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951) 252; Security Treaty 93, 236–7, 313; and the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands 252, 313, 316; ‘sympathy budget’ for US troops 247; US–Japan Status of Forces Agreement 248–9; and US Freedom of Information Act 287; and US nuclear-armed warships 246; World War II 36, 69–70, 73–4, 77, 78–80, 290 see also World War II: Japan, the Pacific Campaign and; and the Yoshida Doctrine 85, 249; zaibatsu break-up 81, 92

  Korean War 85–6, 87, 239

  life expectancy 161

  recession 102

  steel industry 86–7

  Trans-Pacific Partnership 283, 310, 316

  unemployment xxxiv, 120

  violent crime 96

  women workers 164

  World War II 36, 69–70, 74, 77, 78–80, 290

  violence 104, 122, 204, 210 see also terrorism

  domestic 211–12

  rape see rape

  US 96

  Vogel, Ezra 158

  Japan as Number One 95–6, 158

  Voice 244

  volunteer sector/volunteers 281, 284–6, 294

  Wada, Shinichiro 211

  wages see pay

  Wall Street Journal 127

  war criminals, Class-A 221, 225–6

  Waseda University: Super Free club 211

  Watanabe, Tsuneo 233

  weapons 60–61

  Wen Jiabao 235

  Wilson, Woodrow 69

  Wolf, Martin 115

  Wolferen, Karel van: The Enigma of Japanese Power 97

  women

  behind the silk screen 202–16

  child-raising 206

  ‘comfort women’ 230, 243

  and divorce 211–12, 334n12

  economic opportunity in Japan 204–5

  and equality 202–16; discrimination 164–5, 205, 206–7, 213; UN Gender Inequality Index 205, 334nn3–4

  and gender-specific role division 204

  increasing power of 207–12

  Japanese hostage in Iraq 194

  legislators 205–6

  and marriage 162, 164, 181, 205, 207, 209–10, 211, 213; and change of name 205

  Nadeshiko team (soccer) 206–7

  rights 205, 331n1

  single mothers 213

  socializing 214–16

  and sport 206–7

  workers 164–5, 181–2, 205, 206, 212–13, 214, 331nn26–27

  work and workforce see employment

  World Cup (2002) 231

  World Trade Organization 156

  World War II

  Germany’s dealing with its history 219, 220–21, 222, 223, 224

  Japan, the Pacific Campaign and 36, 69–70, 74, 77, 78–80; apologies for wartime atrocities 221–2, 235, 313; and Asian relations in light of Pacific War 219–35; atomic bombing 34, 70, 74, 79, 224; avoidance of full colonization after 32–3; battle of Midway 74; battle of Okinawa 74, 79, 248; guilt washed away with nuclear destruction 224; industrial destruction 79, 83; kamikaze pilots 21, 74, 79, 320–21n6; Pearl Harbor attack 73–4, 78; post-war subordination to US 32–3, 74, 80–81, 82, 222–3, 290; Potsdam Declaration 252; POW treatment 228–9; recovery from defeat xxii, 290; revisionist history 225–9; surrender 17, 32–3, 74, 79; Tokyo bombing 70, 77, 79, 304; Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 81, 225, 227–8; unearthing wartime atrocities 229–31; US strafing 290; victimhood sense 224–5; war record glorification 222; war reparations 84, 221

  and the US 36, 69–70, 73–4, 77, 78–80, 290

  Wright, Frank Lloyd 180

  Xi Jinping 312

  Xi’an 312

  yakuza gang 107

  Yamada, Masahiro 191–2, 193–4, 211

  Yamaguchi 236

  Yamaichi Securities 100, 103

  Yamashita, Shunichi 276

  Yamato 86

  Yamazaki, Heitazaemon 3

  Yanagisawa, Hakuo 211

  Yanai, Tadashi 118–19

  Yasukuni shrine 221, 225–7, 234, 235, 244, 313

  Yayoi people 48–9

  yen strength 101–2, 145, 169, 270, 307, 308–9

  Yokohama 64

  Yokosuka 136, 139

  Yomiuri 233

  Yosano, Kaoru 16–17, 124

  Yoshida, Masao 267, 268

  Yoshida, Shigeru 85, 249

  Yoshida Doctrine 85, 249

  youth/young people

  alternative lifestyles 197–8

  and Asian relations 219

  Chinese youth nationalism 219

  divorce 212

  employment of young people 181–3, 185–6, 189–91

  ‘frozen out’ of Japanese system 180, 194

/>   hikikomori (recluses) 190–91

  job seeking 180–82

  move from unrealistic Japanese Dream 180–201

  as non-consumers 174–5

  and pensions 331n19

  shushoku katsudo (screening/mass hiring of graduates) 180–81, 192

  and the slowing economy 123, 174–5, 183

  unemployment rates 165, 332n32

  young Japanese hostages in Iraq 194–7

  ‘yutori generation’ 190

  Yoyogi Park protest 273

  yuai (fraternity) 244–5

  yutori (‘anything goes’)

  education 333n2

  generation 190

  zaibatsu (business conglomerates) 81, 92

  Zambia 199

  Zhan Qixiong 252–3

  Zhou Enlai xxviii

  Zushi 298